In central Australia, an area that is endemic for the human T-cell leukaemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1), the prevalence of and its association with other health conditions are unknown. A cross-sectional community-based survey was conducted in seven remote Aboriginal communities in central Australia, from 2014 to 2018. All residents aged ≥10 years were invited to complete a health survey and to provide blood for serology, HTLV-1 serology and HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL). Risk factors for seropositivity and associations with specific health conditions including diabetes and HTLV-1 were determined using logistic regression. Overall seroprevalence was 27% (156/576) (children, 22% (9/40); adults (≥15 years), 27% (147/536), varied widely between communities (5-42%) and was not associated with an increased risk of gastrointestinal, respiratory or dermatological symptoms. Increasing age, lower HTLV-1 PVL (<1000 copies per 10 peripheral blood leucocytes) compared to the HTLV-1 uninfected group and community of residence were significant risk factors for seropositivity in an adjusted model. A modest reduction in the odds of diabetes among seropositive participants was found (aOR 0.58, 95% CI 0.35, 1.00; = 0.049); however, this was lost when body mass index was included in the adjusted model (aOR 0.48, 95% CI 0.48, 1.47; = 0.542). seropositivity had no relationship with anaemia. Exploring social and environmental practices in communities with low seroprevalence may provide useful lessons for similar settings.Strongyloides stercoralis