In response to a sustained pathological stress, such as chronic pressure overload or myocardial infarction, the heart undergoes maladaptive cardiac remodelling to compensate for the increase in workload, ultimately leading to heart failure if left untreated (1). Heart failure is a significant global health problem which is becoming worse as the population ages (2). Despite advances in pharmacological agents, management of patients with heart failure and surgical improvements, mortality rates remain high.